Telegram Developer: A Comprehensive Guide

Published on October 25, 2023

Introduction to Telegram Bot API

The Telegram Bot API is a HTTP-based interface created for developers keen on building bots for Telegram. It allows developers to easily create bots that can communicate with Telegram users. The API uses Telegram's cloud service to handle most of the work, so developers don't have to worry about scaling, encryption and other complexities. Some key capabilities offered by the Telegram Bot API include:

  • Sending and receiving messages
  • Forwarding messages and media
  • Receiving updates and event notifications
  • Handling payments via Telegram Payments
  • Storing bot data on Telegram Cloud

The API uses a simple token-based authentication system. Each bot is issued a unique authentication token when created. All API requests must include this token. The API allows bots to handle text, media, stickers, invoices and other common Telegram entities.

Setting up Telegram Bot API

Here are the key steps to set up the Telegram Bot API for your bot:

  1. Talk to @BotFather and follow instructions to create a new bot.
  2. Give your bot a name and username. @BotFather will generate an authorization token.
  3. Save the token for later use in API requests.
  4. Create a bot account on Telegram and start chatting with your bot.
  5. Send API requests to https://api.telegram.org/bot{token}/{method} with your bot's token.
  6. Process updates and handle events using a webhooks or polling.
  7. Refer to the API documentation and code samples to build your bot's capabilities.

That covers the basics of getting set up with the Telegram Bot API. With the token and API endpoint, you are ready start building a fully-featured bot.

Creating bots with Telegram Bot API

The Telegram Bot API allows creating different types of bots with various capabilities:

  • Chatbots - For conversational bots that react to text messages
  • Payments bots - For handling payments via Telegram Payments
  • Games bots - For creating gaming experiences inside Telegram
  • Sticker bots - For uploading and distributing sticker packs
  • Moderation bots - Managing groups, filtering content, blocking spam

Key features of the API to build advanced Telegram bots include:

  • Sending media: photos, audio, documents, stickers
  • Message formatting: Markdown, HTML
  • Inline querying to display results directly in chat
  • Custom keyboards for interactive menus
  • Silent and group messaging

The Webhook mode allows bots to get real-time notifications on message events. For simple bots, the GetUpdates method can be polled periodically. The API has client libraries for most popular programming languages.

Integrating bots with external services

Telegram bots can be integrated with external services in several ways:

  • Use webhooks to connect bots to external APIs and process updates in real-time.
  • Make HTTP requests from bot code to external APIs to fetch data or post content.
  • Use a middleware layer to securely manage connections between bot and third-party services.
  • Implement Telegram Login to allow users to sign-in via their Telegram accounts.
  • Use Telegram Payments to accept payments from users that are processed by external payment providers.

Popular integrations include e-commerce platforms, content management systems, identity services, payment gateways, CRM software, support ticketing systems and IoT platforms. The Telegram Bot API supports generic webhooks that can connect with any external service with a public API and endpoint.

Telegram Bot API Libraries

Here are some popular open source Telegram Bot API libraries for various programming languages:

  • Python - python-telegram-bot, pyTelegramBotAPI
  • JavaScript - node-telegram-bot-api
  • Java - Telegrambots
  • C# -.NET Telegram Bot API
  • Ruby - telegram-bot-ruby
  • PHP - PHP Telegram Bot

These libraries provide wrappers and abstraction over the core Telegram Bot API. They make it easier to get started building bots by handling low level details like HTTP requests, serialization, WebSocket connections etc. Most libraries are well-maintained with detailed documentation and code samples to help new developers learn quickly.

Markdown Support for Telegram Bot Channel

Telegram supports Markdown-style formatting for text messages, which can be leveraged for Telegram bot channels. Here are some formatting features available:

  • Bold - **text**
  • Italic - _text_
  • Code - `text`
  • Preformatted - ```text```
  • Links - [text](url)

Markdown formatting allows creating text-style messages with Telegram bot channels. It helps present content in visually structured layouts and highlight important information for users.

Formatting Messages with Markdown Syntax

Here's an example of formatting a Telegram bot channel message using Markdown:**Today's News Briefing** _Politics_ President [Joe Biden](https://www.whitehouse.gov) signed a new climate change bill into law. ``This is a monumental step for U.S. climate policy,'' said the President. _Technology_   Facebook parent company [Meta](https://about.meta.com) announced second quarter earnings. Revenue was below expectations due to macroeconomic issues. Stay tuned for more updates throughout the day! This demonstrates using bold, italic, hyperlinks and code formatting to structure the message. The syntax helps highlight headings, entities, quotes and external links for readers.

Supported Markdown Syntax Options

In addition to basic styling, Telegram's Markdown syntax supports:

  • Lists - Ordered and unordered
  • Headings - H1 to H6 using #
  • Images - ![alt text](url)
  • Nested formatting - **bold _italic_ text**
  • Escaping - \character for literal display

These options allow creating formatted messages like bulleted news briefs, numbered instructions, visually structured content and embedding media. It helps Telegram bots communicate complex information clearly.

Sending Outbound Text, Choice, or Card Messages

The Telegram Bot API supports sending these outbound message types from bots:

  • Text - Plain text or Markdown-formatted
  • Choice - Polls or quizzes for user input
  • Card - Structured content with title, description, buttons

Text messages can convey information, instructions, alerts etc. Choice messages allow collecting user feedback. Rich Cards present content in interactive, visually structured templates. The API has methods like sendMessage, sendPoll and sendMediaGroup to send these message types.

JSON Payload for Sending Text Messages

Here is an example JSON payload for sending a Markdown-formatted text message using the Telegram Bot API:{  "chat_id": "1234567",  "text": "**Today's News**\n\n_Top Headlines:_\n* Markets fall on new manufacturing numbers \n* Government announces economic stimulus",  "parse_mode": "Markdown" } It specifies the recipient chat, Markdown-formatted text content and parsing mode. The API method sendMessage can be used with this payload to broadcast the message. Similar payloads can be constructed to send choice or card-based interactive messages.

Formatting Text in Telegram

Telegram supports various formatting options to style text messages:

  • **Bold** - Asterisks around text
  • *Italic* - Underscores around text
  • `Code` - Backticks around monospace text
  • ```Preformatted``` - Triple backticks for pre-formatted text
  • [Link](https://example.com) - Square brackets for links

In addition, the desktop app supports Paragraph formatting with Ctrl+Shift+1 to Ctrl+Shift+8 for Header sizes. Telegram's formatting makes it easy to communicate with emphasis and structure.

Using Markdown Language in Telegram

Telegram supports Markdown syntax as an alternative text formatting system. Key Markdown features include:

  • **Bold** with double asterisks
  • *Italic* with single underscores
  • ``Code`` with double backticks
  • Links - [Text](https://url.com)
  • Images - ![Alt](image.jpg)

Telegram also supports Markdown elements like headings, lists, quotes and inline html. Enabling the Markdown parse mode on the client side converts the formatted text to rich HTML for display. Markdown provides simple, readable syntax for formatting Telegram messages.

Creating Bullet Points in Telegram

There are a couple ways to create bullet points in Telegram messages:

  •  
    • Use the Markdown unordered list syntax:

- Point 1 - Point 2 - Point 3

  • On desktop, select text lines and click the bullet list icon in formatting toolbar.
  • On mobile, tap the ||| icon to insert a bullet before each line.

The Markdown method works across all platforms. On desktop and mobile, the formatting toolbar provides a quick way to bullet point text selections. This makes it easy to organize thoughts and lists in Telegram.

Creating Numbered Lists in Telegram

To create a numbered list in Telegram:

  1.  
    1. Use Markdown ordered list syntax:

  1. First point   2. Second point 3. Third point

  1. On desktop, select lines, click numbered list icon in formatting toolbar.
  2. On mobile, tap the 123 icon to insert incrementing numbers.

The Markdown syntax method works cross-platform. On desktop and mobile, the formatting toolbar provides a quick way to convert text into numbered lists. This allows logically organizing points and instructions in Telegram.

Indentations in Telegram

To create indentations and nested levels in Telegram messages:

  •  
    • On desktop, select text and press Tab or click the indent icons on the formatting toolbar.
    • On iOS, long press on text and drag left/right to increase/decrease indent.
    • On Android, tap the →A← icon to indent or outdent selected text.
    • Use Markdown quote syntax:

> Level 1 text >> Level 2 nested text   >>> Level 3 nested text Indentations allow creating structured, nested content like outlines, replies and hierarchical information in Telegram.

Cloud-based Instant Messaging Service

Telegram is a cloud-based instant messaging app that allows real-time text and media communication between users. Some key features that make Telegram a popular choice globally include:

  • Encrypted messaging with end-to-end security
  • Syncs seamlessly across mobile and desktop
  • Supports group chats with up to 200,000 members
  • Powerful file sharing capability up to 2GB
  • Open API and bot platform for developers

Telegram has over 700 million monthly active users and continues to gain popularity for secure communications and flexible platform support.

Cross-Platform Compatibility

A key benefit offered by Telegram is seamless messaging across platforms including:

  • Mobile - iOS, Android apps
  • Desktop - Mac, Windows, Linux
  • Web - Cloud-synced web app

This cross-platform compatibility allows accessing full messaging history from any device. Sync is facilitated by Telegram's cloud storage architecture. Users can seamlessly switch between platforms without missing messages.

Message Exchange Between Users

Telegram supports real-time person-to-person and group messaging with a range of features:

  • Text messages with Markdown formatting
  • High quality photo, video and file sharing
  • Encrypted secret chats with self-destructing messages
  • Live location sharing
  • Polls creation for user voting

Telegram channels allow broadcasting messages to unlimited audiences. Groups support up to 200,000 members.Besides text, nearly all media can be shared over Telegram.

Drafts and Custom Folders

Telegram supports composing draft messages and organizing chats using folders:

  • Drafts auto-save text, media, links while typing.
  • Access and manage drafts from the main menu.
  • Create custom folders to categorize chats.
  • Move chats easily to folders using swipe gestures.
  • Support for nested folders.

These features allow managing conversations efficiently. Drafts enable composing messages at your own pace. Custom folders help organize chats and access them quickly.

Scheduling Messages

Telegram provides an option to schedule messages for future sending:

  • While composing a message, tap and hold the send button.
  • Pick a date and time from the calendar to schedule the message.
  • Telegram will automatically send it at the set time.

Scheduled messages are visible only to the sender. They can be used as reminders to yourself or for sending messages at specific times

Financial Times Official Channel

The Financial Times publishes global business and economic news. Key features of its official Telegram channel include:

  • 24/7 breaking news alerts
  • Push notifications for major developing stories
  • Daily briefing with market updates
  • Full article access directly in Telegram
  • Polls, surveys and Q&As with journalists

The channel provides latest finance and markets updates to subscribers through timely alerts and interactive content.

Business Insider Official Channel

Business Insider's Telegram channel delivers business and technology news updates including:

  • Quick briefs on breaking news
  • Flash alerts for major M&A, IPOs and bankruptcies
  • Previews of upcoming stories
  • Infographics and quote cards
  • Links to trending BI Prime articles

The fast-paced news bits and chart visuals appeal to professionals looking for concise, shareable business insights.

The New York Times Official Channel

The New York Times Telegram channel features:

  • Morning and evening news briefings
  • Breaking alerts customized by user interests
  • NYT article previews and highlights
  • Behind-the-scenes exclusives
  • Polls, AMAs and Q&As with journalists

It delivers a curated digest of top stories and real-time alerts to keep readers updated on major news developments.

Telegram Accounts for Authoring Articles on Telegraph

Telegram channels allow creating and publishing content directly to subscribers. Authors can leverage this for article authoring on sites like Telegraph that support Telegram embeds:

  • Compose longform articles directly within Telegram
  • Embed graphics, images and media
  • Format text using Markdown syntax
  • Get feedback before publishing
  • Embed published Telegram posts in Telegraph articles

The real-time nature makes Telegram ideal for collaborative authoring. And embedding keeps articles constantly updated with live Telegram content.

Introduction to Telegram Chatbots

Telegram chatbots allow creating conversational experiences within Telegram. Some key capabilities include:

  • Responding to text-based user messages
  • Natural language processing for intent detection
  • Interacting via buttons, menus and keyboards
  • Integrations with external APIs and services
  • Support for payments, media, location and more

Telegram's Bot API enables building chatbots of any complexity from simple informational bots to AI-driven conversational assistants.

Building Your First Telegram Chatbot

Here are the key steps to build your first Telegram chatbot:

  1. Create a bot with BotFather and get API token
  2. Set up a dev environment with Python, NodeJS etc.
  3. Import Telegram Bot API library for your language
  4. Create handlers for message events
  5. Make API calls to send messages and content
  6. Add conversation logic and integrate external APIs
  7. Host the bot server on cloud platforms like Heroku

Start simple by responding to basic commands and grow your bot's capabilities over time. Refer to Telegram's bot docs for code samples and guides.

Deploying a Telegram Chatbot

Key steps to deploy a Telegram chatbot include:

  1. Host server for bot on PaaS like Heroku or AWS.
  2. Enable Webhooks to get live message updates.
  3. Add bot to channels or groups to reach users.
  4. Publish bot username to invite users to start chatting.
  5. Monitor errors and usage metrics in production.
  6. CreateINLINE bot for users to query directly in chats.

Deploying as a webhook bot allows real-time interaction. Monitoring and analytics help resolve issues and improve the conversational experience.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) Systems

Telegram chatbots can leverage Natural Language Processing systems in the following ways:

  • Intent detection from user messages
  • Entity extraction like names, dates and places
  • Sentiment analysis to gauge user emotions
  • Response generation for conversational interactions
  • Translation to support multiple languages

Popular NLP tools like Dialogflow, LUIS, Rasa and Amazon Lex integrate with Telegram to understand conversations and improve responses.

Machine Learning Tools and Python Libraries

Here are some useful machine learning tools and Python libraries for enhancing Telegram chatbots:

  • NLTK - Natural language toolkit for text processing
  • SpaCy - Industrial strength NLP
  • TensorFlow - building and training ML models
  • Scikit-learn - Algorithms for classification and regression
  • PyTorch - Neural network modeling framework

These tools help create advanced chatbots with ML capabilities like speech recognition, image analysis, recommendations and predictions.

End-to-End Encryption

Telegram provides end-to-end encrypted messaging to secure user conversations:

  • Secret chats use client-client encryption
  • All data including text, media, files is encrypted
  • Encryption keys only stored on user devices
  • Supports Perfect Forward Secrecy for secret chats
  • Uses 256-bit symmetric AES encryption

This ensures only recipients can read messages. Not even Telegram servers can decipher message data for secret chats.

Two-Factor Authentication

Telegram provides two-factor authentication as an extra security layer:

  • Password + One-time PIN configuration
  • Generate app passwords for third-party apps
  • Get security alerts about new logins
  • Require password to restore/change phone numbers
  • Prevent unauthorized access via code requests

Enabling 2FA ensures accounts remain secure even if passwords are compromised by requiring a second step for login.

Secret Chats

Secret chats in Telegram provide enhanced security:

  • Default end-to-end encryption
  • Messages not stored on Telegram cloud
  • Self-destructing messages and media
  • Screenshot alerts
  • Not accessible across devices

Secret chats are ideal for sharing highly confidential information. Self-destruct timers and screenshot notifications add further protection.

Data Privacy

Telegram safeguards user data privacy in several ways:

  • Secret chats are end-to-end encrypted by default
  • Does not store message data in plain text on its servers
  • Deletes account information if user deletes their account
  • Provides tools like deletion timers
  • Committed to not monetizing user data

Telegram's privacy-first design philosophy makes it a trusted platform for secure communications.

Sharing Information with Authorized Recipients Only

Telegram provides various tools to control who can access your information:

  • Private chats for one-on-one conversations
  • Channel subscribers must be approved individually
  • Groups can be private with invite-only access
  • Admin approval needed to join open groups
  • Granular message deletion control

This allows configuring precisely who gets access to messages, channels, groups and media. User privacy is maintained by sharing information explicitly with only authorized recipients.

New Job Scam Targeting Personal Information

A new Telegram scam promises fake "work from home" jobs to steal personal information:

  • Sends Telegram message about lucrative job opportunity
  • Claims user can earn money working from home
  • Sends links to "apply" for the job online
  • Phishing sites collect personal info like ID, bank details
  • Stolen data used for identity theft and fraud

Users should be wary of unsolicited job offers over Telegram. Validate employer legitimacy before providing any personal information.

Identifying and Avoiding Telegram Scams

Tips to identify and avoid Telegram scams:

  • Don't click suspicious links from unknown contacts
  • Watch for grammatical mistakes in messages
  • Reverse image search profile photos
  • Verify investment/crypto trading groups
  • Enable two-factor authentication

Stay alert for warning signs of phishing and fraud. Use built-in tools like blocking and reporting to stay safe.

Reporting Telegram Scams

Here are some ways to report scams encountered on Telegram:

  • Report to Telegram by forwarding the message to @SpamBot
  • Block the scammer account to prevent further messages
  • Warn contacts to avoid falling for scam tactics
  • Report phishing sites to domain registrars and webhosts to take down
  • Report fraud attempts to local law enforcement

Taking proactive measures to report shady accounts, groups and websites can help Telegram crack down on scams faster.

Telegram's Response to Scams

Telegram has taken the following steps to counter scams:

  • Enabled detection of scam-affiliated accounts
  • Streams reporting to allow responding faster
  • Empowered group admins to handle shady members
  • Made joining links optional for public groups
  • Proactively message users to confirm joining groups

Despite these measures, users should remain cautious when interacting with unknown contacts or groups on Telegram.

Telegram's Security Measures Against Scams

Telegram employs several technical measures to boost security:

  • MTProto secure protocol for client-server encryption
  • CloudFlare protection against DDoS attacks
  • Data centers spread globally to avoid single points of failure
  • Granular access control for chats, groups and channels
  • Two-factor authentication and end-to-end Secret Chats

While Telegram acts against systemic threats, users should enable all available security features and remain vigilant against scams.

Creating Telegram Groups

Here are the key ways to create a group on Telegram:

  • Tap the New Group icon in the Chat tab
  • Select contacts to add or invite via message link
  • Give the group a name and optional profile picture
  • Pick group privacy - public or private
  • Set permissions like who can post messages

Customize group settings based on how open or restrictive you want the group to be. Leverage admin tools to manage groups as they grow.

Managing Telegram Groups

As a Telegram group admin, you can manage groups by:

  • Setting group rules and purpose
  • Vetting new member requests to join
  • Appointing moderators to help manage
  • Pruning inactive members
  • Organizing chat into custom folders

Actively engaged admins can create a vibrant member community. Set clear rules and take proactive measures to develop the group over time.

Group Settings and Permissions

Telegram group admins can configure:

  • Group privacy - public or private
  • Membership approval - on or off
  • Post permissions - restrict who can post
  • Edit permissions - allow editing messages
  • Invite link - generate for new member joins

Adjust settings based on group goals. Lock down large groups with strict posting permissions or keep small groups open.

Group Chat Features

Key Telegram group chat features include:

  • Pinned messages to highlight important info
  • File uploads up to 2GB in size
  • Polls to survey group opinion
  • Advanced formatting like Markdown
  • Chat history available to all members

These features enable engaging member conversations. Polls and pinned messages help keep groups focused.

Group Bots and Integrations

Telegram groups support bots to automate tasks:

  • @GroupAnonymousBot - Allow anonymous posts
  • @like - Add react emojis to messages
  • @votingbot - Conduct polls and votes
  • @gif - Search and share relevant GIFs
  • @wiki - Fetch summaries and definitions

Integrations allow connecting groups to external services like Trello, GitHub and Google Drive.

Creating Telegram Channels

Here are the main ways to create a Telegram channel:

  • Tap the New Channel option in the Chat tab
  • Give the channel a name, description and profile image
  • Choose channel privacy - public or private
  • Set discussion group to allow user comments
  • Get URL to share channel invite link

These steps enable setting up a branded channel presence and engaging audience.

Managing Telegram Channels

Tips for managing Telegram channels include:

  • Post consistently - Build steady user growth
  • Engage followers - Respond to reactions and comments
  • Moderate discussions - Keep conversations constructive
  • Promote smartly - Strategize hashtags, ad campaigns
  • Analyze metrics - Identify popular types of content

Active channel management and community engagement leads to higher member retention.

Channel Settings and Permissions

Channel admins can configure:

  • Channel privacy
  • Ability to add members
  • Posting permission
  • Discussion group on/off
  • Slow mode to limit frequent posting

Use settings to limit spam, prevent leaks and enable public access based on channel goals.

Channel Chat Features

Telegram channels provide:

  • Announcements up to 1000 characters
  • Nested sub-channels to organize content
  • View counters to track post reach
  • Polls, quizzes and surveys
  • Statistics on audience language, regions, peak hours

These features allow delivering updates, segmenting content and tracking audience engagement.

Channel Bots and Integrations

Telegram channels can integrate bots and services:

  • @dototot - Auto post from RSS feeds
  • @StoreBot - Sell goods via chat
  • @Like - Add reactions to posts
  • @vid - Convert videos for uploading
  • @LinkedIM_bot - Auto-post to other social media

Integrations with CRMs, analytics tools and content plugins enrich channel capabilities.

Creating Telegram Stickers

Here are the main ways to create custom stickers on Telegram:

  • Use the @Stickers bot to upload and add stickers
  • Create sticker art in image editors like Photoshop
  • Follow sticker guidelines - 512x512 PNG with transparency
  • Add emoji identifiers to stickers
  • Organize stickers into labeled sticker packs

Sticker art apps like Sticker Maker also simplify sticker creation. Animated stickers can be uploaded as GIFs.

Uploading Stickers to Telegram

To upload stickers to Telegram:

  • Create sticker art following dimensions and format guidelines
  • Use @Stickers bot and tap /newpack to create a new pack
  • Enter sticker pack title, short name and emojis
  • Upload sticker PNG files
  • Publish sticker pack to make available

Proper metadata like pack title, emoji tags and sticker order help users discover relevant stickers.

Sticker Packs and Collections

Telegram organizes stickers into:

  • Packs - Set of related stickers with title
  • Collections - Multiple packs bundled categorically

Curated official packs follow themes like games, movies, holidays. User generated packs can get added to topical collections.

Sticker Bots and Integrations

Telegram sticker bots and apps:

  • @Stickers - Upload and manage custom stickers
  • @Stickerdownload_bot - Recommends stickers
  • @Stickers_cloud_bot - Sticker pack cloud storage
  • Sticker Maker apps - Create custom stickers

Bots help manage user and official packs. Sticker maker apps simplify sticker creation.

Sticker Search and Discovery

Finding relevant stickers on Telegram can be done by:

  • Searching for keywords using the sticker search bar
  • Looking through recommended and trending sections
  • Following channels and bots for new sticker packs
  • Using emoji search to locate matching sticker packs
  • Looking through collections of topical sticker packs

Proper pack titles, emoji tags and descriptions help optimize stickers for discoverability.

Playing Games on Telegram

Telegram offers HTML5 gaming experiences within chats without installing separate apps. Popular games include:

  • Gamee - 100+ titles like Doodle Jump and 2048
  • MaskGun - Multiplayer FPS shooting game
  • Ztype - Typing speed test game
  • Ultimate Tic Tac Toe - Advanced 3D version
  • Everdale - Farming and village building game

Games take advantage of Telegram features like messages, groups, payments and stickers for integrated gameplay.

Creating Telegram Games

Developers can create HTML5 games for Telegram using:

  • Bot API for creating gaming bots
  • Payments API for in-game transactions
  • Custom keyboard markup for controls
  • JavaScript or Phaser game engines
  • Web App manifests and service workers

Completed games can be embedded into chats for users to launch and play seamlessly.

Game Bots and Integrations

Telegram gaming integrations include:

  • @gamebot - Official bot to find games
  • @games - Discover popular games
  • @gamee - Cloud gaming service
  • Game dev packages - JavaScript SDKs and wrappers
  • Payments - Accept in-game purchases

Gaming platforms provide large catalogs of casual games. Payments integration enables monetization.

Game Design and User Experience

Tips for designing games for Telegram:

  • Streamlined gameplay for short sessions
  • Intuitive controls using custom keyboards
  • Monetization via ads or in-game purchases
  • Social integration with groups, teams and chats
  • Availability on Android, iOS and desktop

The gaming experience should be tailored for integrated gameplay within conversations on Telegram.

Customer Service Bots

Telegram customer service bots help businesses provide support:

  • 24/7 automated handling of common queries
  • Quick answers via FAQs and customer self-service
  • Seamless hand-off to human agents
  • CSAT surveys for feedback collection
  • Analytics dashboard to identify pain points

Bots like @advicerhelpbot offer turnkey solutions. Platforms like Chatfuel simplify building tailored customer service bots.

Sales and Marketing Bots

Telegram sales and marketing bots enable:

  • Broadcasting personalized promotions and offers
  • Collecting lead information via conversational forms
  • Live chat for sales agent assistance
  • Shopping cart experiences powered by payments
  • Cross-channel campaign management

From generating leads to enabling purchases, bots are transforming sales pipelines.

HR and Recruitment Bots

HR bots on Telegram provide capabilities like:

  • Accepting job applications via chat
  • Scheduling interviews and screening candidates
  • Answering employee queries
  • Onboarding paperwork and compliance
  • Paperless leave and vacation management

Bots improve candidate experience while reducing HR overhead for recruiting and workforce management.

Finance and Accounting Bots

Finance bots on Telegram enable:

  • Personal budgeting and expense tracking
  • Invoices, billing and collections
  • Payroll and reimbursement approvals
  • Corporate accounting controls
  • Real-time financial notifications and alerts

From individuals to large corporations, finance bots deliver automation with timely notifications.

Project Management Bots

Project management bots for Telegram provide:

  • Task and ticket creation, assignment and tracking
  • Team collaboration via groups and chat
  • Scheduling and meeting coordination
  • Workflow automation with service integrations
  • Reporting and metrics for stakeholders

Bots improve team productivity by streamlining project execution within Telegram conversations.

Telegram API for Analytics

The Telegram Bot API enables analytics:

  • User engagement metrics - messages, clicks, dwell time
  • Message delivery receipts - confirmations
  • JOIN rate tracking for groups and channels
  • Chat statistics - messages, users, peaks
  • Traffic source tracking via deep linking

This data powers dashboards and helps optimize bots for engagement and conversions.

Telegram Bot Analytics

Metrics for measuring Telegram bot performance:

  • Daily/Monthly active users
  • User retention rates
  • Session times, lengths and frequency
  • Messages sent and response rates
  • User feedback and satisfaction

Tracking key metrics provides vital insights to iteratively improve bots over time.

User Engagement Metrics

Relevant engagement metrics for Telegram bots:

  • Message responses per user
  • Clickthrough rates on buttons
  • Input field completion rates
  • Media views, shares and downloads
  • Time spent interacting with bot

These help gauge user interest and pinpoint areas for improving engagement.

Message Delivery and Response Rates

Key message metrics for Telegram bots:

  • Message delivery rate
  • Average response times
  • Bot messages opened rate
  • Responses per message sent
  • Resolution time for inquiries

Tracking message performance identifies bottlenecks and improves conversation quality.

Conversion Tracking and Attribution

Ways to track conversions for Telegram bots:

  • Unique promo codes for campaign tracking
  • UTM tags to identify traffic sources
  • Goal and funnel completion tracking
  • Surveys to identify conversion drivers
  • Analytics integration to visualize performance

Proper attribution ensures each interaction and traffic source contributes to measurable business results.

Telegram API Documentation

Telegram provides excellent API documentation including:

  • Getting started guides for major languages
  • Code samples for core API methods
  • Detailed references for request parameters
  • Bot FAQ for solving common issues
  • Setup instructions for webhooks and payments

The docs cover everything from basic text bots to advanced payment integrations. Tutorials help developers learn through example code.

Telegram API Libraries and SDKs

Telegram offers official and community API libraries like:

  • Python - python-telegram-bot
  • JavaScript - node-telegram-bot-api
  • Java - TelegramBots
  • C# - TLSharp
  • .NET - Telegram.Bot

The wrappers provide object models, networking and serialization. Mobile SDKs for Android, iOS, Unity support building Telegram clients.

Telegram API Endpoints and Methods

The Telegram Bot API provides these endpoints:

  • api.telegram.org/bot{token} - Main API endpoint
  • api.telegram.org/file/bot{token} - File downloads
  • api.telegram.org/invoice/bot{token} - Payments

Core methods include getMe, getUpdates, sendMessage, forwardMessage etc. The API supports 100+ methods in total.

Telegram API Authentication and Security

The Telegram API uses bot tokens for authentication:

  • All bot methods require passing bot token
  • Get unique token from BotFather when creating bots
  • Set token as parameter or header for API requests
  • Does not use OAuth, as bots have limited privileges
  • Supports certificate-based authentication for payments

Proper token hygiene limits bot access. Payments require heightened security.

Telegram API Best Practices

Best practices for leveraging Telegram APIs:

  • Follow API documentation guides closely
  • Handle ratelimits gracefully during spikes
  • Validate user input data for security
  • Use webhook for time-sensitive updates
  • Monitor API errors to resolve quickly

Careful token management, input sanitization and monitoring help build robust Telegram integrations.

Python Libraries for Telegram

Popular Python libraries for Telegram bot development:

  • python-telegram-bot - Official supported library
  • pyTelegramBotAPI - Extensive, easy to use
  • aiogram - AsyncIO-based
  • telepot - Focused on simplicity
  • telethon - Full-featured for advanced bots

All provide request handling, serialization and WebSocket management. Each has slightly different syntaxes and features.

Java Libraries for Telegram

Popular Java API wrappers for Telegram include:

  • TelegramBots - Most feature-rich
  • java-telegram-bot-api - Easy to use
  • TelegramBot - Based on okhttp
  • jTelegramBot - Supports callbacks
  • telegram4j - Async focused

All provide convenient Java models for core API entities like bots, messages, keyboards. Some offer more natural Java style APIs.

C++ Libraries for Telegram

Good C++ options for Telegram bot development include:

  • TL - Models entire API in C++
  • tgbot-cpp - Header-only library
  • telegram-bot-api - Usage examples included
  • cpp-bot-sdk - Modern C++ client
  • telebot - Boost based, well-documented

These provide C++ wrappers for API requests, data models and serialization. Boost is used extensively across the libraries.

Swift Libraries for Telegram

Top Swift API clients for building Telegram integrations:

  • TelegramBotSDK - Robust mobile SDK
  • telegram-bot-swift - Native Promises interface
  • SwiftBot - Easy-to-use wrapper
  • TBAction - Lightweight client
  • Instantgram - Real-time updates focus

These libraries provide Swift-friendly APIs for iOS and macOS apps. All support both bots and full Telegram clients.

Ruby Libraries for Telegram

Popular Ruby clients for accessing Telegram APIs:

  • telegram-bot-ruby - Feature-complete
  • telegrb - Pure Ruby client
  • telegram-rb - OO, includes webhooks
  • tty-telegram - Command-line client
  • telebot - Intuitive syntax and docs

All provide access to core API entities like chats, messages, media. Some include extras like webhooks and payments.

Android SDK for Telegram

Key capabilities of Telegram's Android SDK:

  • Build Telegram clients for Android
  • Push notifications with Firebase
  • End-to-end encrypted voice and video calls
  • Syncs data across linked devices
  • Customizable themes and night mode

The open source SDK enables full Telegram clients. Push notifications require Firebase integration.

iOS SDK for Telegram

Telegram's iOS SDK provides:

  • Official Telegram app experience
  • Reactive architecture using ReactiveSwift
  • End-to-end encrypted secret chats
  • Secure on-device data storage
  • APNs for push notifications

The SDK replicates Telegram's iOS app capabilities for building custom clients. Push notifications use Apple's APNs.

Windows SDK for Telegram

Key highlights of Telegram's Windows SDK:

  • Builds Telegram apps for Windows desktop
  • Based on .NET Framework and C#
  • SQLite-based local data storage
  • TDLib handles networking and serialization
  • Fully open source on GitHub

The SDK provides access to all Telegram features on Windows. TDLib hides lower-level complexities.

macOS SDK for Telegram

Telegram's macOS SDK enables:

  • Building macOS Telegram clients
  • Seamless sync across devices
  • End-to-end encrypted voice/video calls
  • TDLib for network abstraction
  • Support for M1 Macs using Apple silicon

The SDK replicates Telegram's macOS app capabilities. TDLib handles networking and data management.

Linux SDK for Telegram

Telegram's Linux SDK provides:

  • Building Telegram apps for Linux desktops
  • GTK or Qt widgets for UI
  • SQLite-powered local data storage
  • TDLib for Telegram API abstraction
  • Audio/video call support

The Linux SDK gives full access to Telegram's capabilities. GTK and Qt help with building native UIs.

GitHub Integration with Telegram

GitHub integrates with Telegram to enable:

  • Commits notifications in Telegram
  • Merges and deployments alerts
  • New issue and PR updates
  • Team mentions notifications
  • Configurable filter by repos or events

This allows developers to stay on top of GitHub project activity via Telegram alerts.

Trello Integration with Telegram

The Trello-Telegram integration enables:

  • New card notifications in Telegram
  • Updates when moved between lists
  • Mention alerts when added to cards
  • Comment updates from team members
  • Daily digest summary option

Team coordination via boards and cards can be augmented with timely Telegram updates.

Google Drive Integration with Telegram

Google Drive integrates with Telegram to provide:

  • File update notifications
  • Alerts when mentioned in comments
  • Share Drive file updates to groups
  • New file and folder alerts
  • Daily or weekly notification digests

This keeps team members in sync on Drive activity through timely Telegram messages.

Zapier Integration with Telegram

Zapier enables deep Telegram integration by:

  • Sending notifications on task completions
  • Creating Telegram messages from emails
  • Logging Telegram messages to spreadsheets
  • Triggering workflows when receiving Telegram messages
  • Embedding interactive buttons in messages

Zaps support bi-directional sync between Telegram and apps like Gmail, Slack, Twitter.

IFTTT Integration with Telegram

IFTTT provides Telegram integration through:

  • Triggering Telegram messages from other IFTTT services
  • Using Telegram as output channel for IFTTT applets
  • Sending alerts on activity from social networks
  • Posting Telegram message content to other platforms
  • Telegram triggers to activate workflows

IFTTT expands Telegram's capabilities through conditional messaging with other services.

Telegram User Communities

Popular Telegram communities for users include:

  • Telegram News - Latest updates and tips
  • Bots - New bot demos and announcements
  • Stickers - Custom sticker creations
  • Themes - Discussing Telegram client themes
  • Help - Getting user support from community

These invite-only groups help users engage on Telegram topics based on interests.

Telegram Developer Communities

Key Telegram developer communities:

  • Telegram Bot Talk - Bot building discussions
  • DevsHelpingDevs - Programming discussions
  • TDevs - Russian dev group (English friendly)
  • Telegram Themes - Theming and clients
  • Telegram API - Libraries, wrappers and SDKs

Developers gather in these groups to collaborate, seek help and share Telegram projects.

Telegram Support Communities

Popular Telegram communities offering user support:

  • Bot Support - Help with bots
  • Themes Support - Assistance on theming
  • Developer Support - For programming issues
  • User Support Group - General product help
  • Spam Reporting Support - Help with privacy

These groups provide peer-to-peer support in using Telegram and building on the platform.

Telegram Language Communities

Telegram caters to speakers worldwide via:

  • Localized clients with native language support
  • Language-specific groups for regional users
  • Multilingual bots for global audience reach
  • Translation platform empowering creators
  • Volunteer translators expanding language support

Telegram aims to make the platform accessible to all major languages and cultures.

Telegram Interest-based Communities

In addition to country groups, Telegram hosts:

  • Gaming groups for players to connect
  • Sports team channels for fans
  • Hobby channels around niche interests
  • Location-based groups for city inhabitants
  • Profession groups like developers, teachers

Diverse interest groups thrive on Telegram given the platform's large global audience.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) APIs for Telegram

NLP APIs that integrate with Telegram:

  • Dialogflow - Intent detection, entity extraction
  • LUIS - Machine learning for NLP
  • Rasa - Conversational AI framework
  • Amazon Lex - Build chatbots with voice/text
  • IBM Watson Assistant - Contextual conversations

These APIs analyze message text and allow Telegram bots to converse naturally with users.

Machine Learning (ML) APIs for Telegram

ML tools to enhance Telegram bots:

  • Google Cloud ML - Prebuilt models via API
  • TensorFlow - Open source ML framework
  • Azure ML Studio - GUI based ML modelling
  • Mathematica - ML with natural language interface
  • AlgoLabs - Code-free ML models

These APIs and frameworks help train and integrate custom ML models into Telegram conversational flows.

Computer Vision (CV) APIs for Telegram

APIs for integrating computer vision capabilities into Telegram bots:

  • Google Cloud Vision - Image labeling, text extraction
  • Azure Computer Vision - Image categorization and description
  • Amazon Rekognition - Object and scene detection
  • IBM Watson Visual Recognition - Custom classifiers
  • Clarifai - Pre-trained image recognition models

Computer vision gives Telegram bots enhanced abilities to process images sent in conversations.

Speech Recognition APIs for Telegram

Speech recognition APIs for voice capabilities:

  • Google Speech-to-Text - Real-time streaming
  • AWS Transcribe - Batch and real-time speech
  • IBM Watson Speech to Text - Custom models
  • Microsoft Azure Speech - Conversational transcription
  • Twilio - Voice and SMS bots

These APIs enable Telegram bots to process audio messages and respond by voice.

Chatbot APIs for Telegram

External platforms to build Telegram chatbots:

  • ManyChat - Visually design chat flows
  • Chatfuel - Build with visual editor
  • Flow XO - Hybrid visual and code bot builder
  • Botsify - Chatbot builder for non-coders
  • Smooch - Conversational commerce bots

These chatbot development platforms offer drag and drop tooling to quickly build Telegram bots.

Internet of Things (IoT) APIs for Telegram

APIs for connecting Telegram bots to smart devices:

  • IFTTT - Interact with IoT via IFTTT applets
  • Zapier - IoT automation using Zaps
  • Particle Cloud - API for Particle IoT hardware
  • SmartThings - API for Samsung SmartThings
  • Google Assistant SDK - Voice control smart devices

These IoT platforms enable sending device notifications to Telegram and controlling them via messages.

Smart Home APIs for Telegram

APIs for integrating Telegram with smart home devices:

  • Philips Hue - Control lights
  • Samsung SmartThings - Unified smart home platform
  • Wemo - Belkin's wireless smart home
  • IFTTT - Smart home via IFTTT applets
  • Alexa Skills - Voice control devices with Alexa

Telegram bots can provide unified controls and monitoring for lights, switches, appliances across smart home ecosystems.

Industrial IoT (IIoT) APIs for Telegram

Here are some IIoT platforms that integrate with Telegram:

  • PTC ThingWorx - Industrial IoT application enablement
  • Uptake - Industrial AI and analytics
  • Cumulocity IoT - Application development platform
  • Losant - Enterprise IoT infrastructure
  • GE Predix - Connected factories and machines

These industrial IoT platforms can feed vital machine data into Telegram channels and groups for alerts.

Wearables APIs for Telegram

APIs for connecting wearable devices with Telegram:

  • Fitbit - Activity telemetry API
  • Apple Watch - WatchOS lets apps post to Telegram
  • Wear OS - Android smartwatch development
  • Samsung Galaxy Watch - Tizen OS apps development
  • Withings - Health metrics API

These platforms allow posting fitness stats, notifications from wrist to Telegram groups and channels.

Robotics APIs for Telegram

APIs for building Telegram connections into robots:

  • ROS - Robot Operating System provides libraries
  • Johnny-Five - JavaScript robotics programming framework
  • Botniko - Python framework for robot control
  • Microsoft Robotics Dev Studio - .NET based
  • Gobot - Framework for robotics with Go

These robotics toolkits have components for integrating automation bots with Telegram's messaging capabilities.

Payment APIs for Telegram

External payments platforms integrated with Telegram Bots:

  • Stripe - Online payment processing
  • PayPal - Global P2P payments
  • Square - Mobile point-of-sale payments
  • Authorize.Net - Payment gateway and merchant accounts
  • Dwolla - ACH payments network API

Telegram supports payments via bots for digital goods and services. Integrations enable accepting credit cards, bank transfers etc.

Cryptocurrency APIs for Telegram

Here are some crypto platforms with Telegram integrations:

  • Binance - Trading APIs and Telegram bot
  • Coinbase - Merchant tools and Telegram support
  • Blockchain.com - Telegram bot for wallet tracking
  • Bittrex - Telegram alerts on portfolio changes
  • Kraken - APIs and Telegram chat integration

These cryptocurrency exchanges and wallets enable market tracking, trading alerts via Telegram bots and channels.

Trading APIs for Telegram

Financial trading platforms with Telegram integration:

  • eToro - Social trading Telegram bot
  • TD Ameritrade - Alerts and Telegram publishing
  • Quantopian - Algorithmic trading with Telegram bot
  • Oanda - Forex trading API, alerts to Telegram
  • Plus500 - CFD trading API, Telegram notifications

Traders use Telegram bots from these platforms to get alerts, run automated trades, monitor portfolios.

Banking APIs for Telegram

Banking platforms supporting Telegram:

  • BBVA - Telegram banking in Europe
  • ICICI Bank - Telegram Banking in India
  • Garanti Bank - Messenger banking in Turkey
  • Monzo Bank - Bot for account notifications
  • MyBank - Bot for transfers in Italy

Banks are enabling managing accounts, payments, alerts from within Telegram via dedicated bots.

Insurance APIs for Telegram

Insurance platforms with Telegram integrations:

  • ZhongAn Insurance - Chatbots and Telegram marketing
  • Lemonade Insurance - Bot for managing policies
  • Trov Insurance - Telegram alerts on valuables
  • Slice Insurance - Telegram chatbot in India
  • Bdeo - Insurance Telegram bot builder

Insurers leverage Telegram for streamlining notifications, claims filing and customer support interactions.

Telemedicine APIs for Telegram

Telemedicine platforms that integrate with Telegram:

  • Mediktor - Symptom analysis chatbots
  • Docyt - Healthcare chatbot conversations
  • Forward Health - Appointment booking bot
  • Lifely - Chat with therapists on Telegram
  • Docaposte - Virtual consultations via Telegram

These provide virtual health assistants, doctor chat services and appointment management via Telegram bots.

Health and Wellness APIs for Telegram

Health platforms with Telegram capabilities:

  • Fitbit - Share fitness stats via Telegram bot
  • Withings - Telegram alerts from smart scales
  • Apple Health - Share logs via Telegram apps
  • Google Fit - Post workout updates to Telegram
  • Strava - Telegram bot to share running activities

Fitness wearables integrate with Telegram to engage fitness communities via activity updates and challenges.

Medical Research APIs for Telegram

Medical research platforms with Telegram APIs:

  • Clarify Health - Patient data collection via Telegram
  • Caremerge - Senior care coordination features
  • Kyron - Patient engagement and data capture
  • Medable - Clinical trials management
  • Science37 - Decentralized clinical trials

Secure data collection, care coordination and patient engagement powered by HIPAA-compliant Telegram API integrations.

Electronic Health Record (EHR) APIs for Telegram

Major EHR platforms supporting Telegram:

  • Epic - APIs to integrate MyChart patient portal
  • Cerner - Open APIs enable Telegram bots
  • Allscripts - FHIR APIs for integration
  • Athenahealth - Automate outreach via Telegram APIs
  • NextGen - Tools to incorporate Telegram features

Leading EHR systems offer development capabilities to incorporate Telegram messaging into healthcare workflows.

Health Insurance APIs for Telegram

Health insurance platforms with Telegram APIs:

  • UnitedHealthcare - Digital platform APIs
  • Anthem - Engage members via Telegram
  • Blue Cross Blue Shield - Integration using BCBS APIs
  • Aetna - Digital capabilities powering bots
  • Humana - Build customized Telegram bots

Major insurers provide API access to integrate with Telegram for streamlining member interactions.

E-learning APIs for Telegram

E-learning platforms with Telegram integration:

  • Canvas LMS - Telegram notifications and chatbots
  • Google Classroom - Share course updates via Telegram
  • Thinkific - Build Telegram bots for course communication
  • Schoology - Telegram parent/teacher coordination
  • Blackboard - Collaborate Ultra virtual classrooms with Telegram chat

Leading platforms provide APIs and plugins enabling Telegram for administration, teaching, and learning.

Language Learning APIs for Telegram

Language learning platforms that integrate with Telegram:

  • Duolingo - Share progress on Telegram
  • Busuu - Conversation practice via Telegram
  • Babbel - Telegram language bots for vocabulary
  • MosaLingua - Flashcards and quizzes via Telegram bot
  • Memrise - Telegram alerts help build habits

Integrations enable Telegram conversations that reinforce lessons and make learning sticky through spaced repetition.

Online Tutoring APIs for Telegram

Tutoring platforms that offer Telegram integration:

  • TutorOcean - Online tutoring sessions over Telegram
  • TutorGen - Bot for searching tutors on Telegram
  • Tutorama - Automated homework help via Telegram bot
  • TutorHouse - Lesson scheduling coordination over Telegram
  • Tutorfair - Find tutors and arrange lessons on Telegram

Tutoring marketplaces leverage Telegram for automated matching, bookings, and secure virtual sessions.

Educational Content APIs for Telegram

Education content platforms that integrate with Telegram:

  • Khan Academy - Telegram bots for learning prompts
  • Pear Deck - Interactive content embedded in Telegram
  • Flipgrid - Student video discussions via Telegram
  • Edpuzzle - Quizzes and content in Telegram via bots
  • Wakelet - Curate and share educational content on Telegram

These platforms allow distributing and discussing educational content through Telegram channels, groups and chatbots.

Student Information System (SIS) APIs for Telegram

Major SISs that integrate with Telegram:

  • Infinite Campus - Parent notifications via Telegram
  • PowerSchool - Integrate Telegram into Unified Classroom
  • Skyward - Telegram chatbots for attendance alerts
  • Brightspace - LMS APIs for Telegram bots
  • eSchoolPlus - Automate outreach with Telegram APIs

Leading K-12 SISs provide API access to incorporate Telegram for parental engagement and administration.

Citizen Engagement APIs for Telegram

Civic platforms that leverage Telegram include:

  • SeeClickFix - Report community issues via Telegram
  • CitySourced - Civic issue crowdsourcing bots
  • Peak Democracy - Government polling through Telegram
  • Brigade - Enable civic participation on Telegram
  • RingCentral - Two-way constituent outreach

Telegram's chat, channels, and bot capabilities help governments better inform, listen to and mobilize citizens.

Public Safety APIs for Telegram

Public safety platforms with Telegram capabilities:

  • Noonlight - Trigger emergency response over Telegram
  • RapidSOS - Emergency information via Telegram
  • Carbyne - Next gen 911 integration with Telegram
  • Eyewitness - Citizen reporting of crimes through Telegram
  • Mark43 - Law enforcement CAD/RMS Telegram bots

Telegram is emerging as a channel for public safety agencies to receive alerts and engage their communities.

Emergency Management APIs for Telegram

Emergency management platforms that integrate Telegram:

  • Everbridge - Alert regional groups on Telegram
  • AlertMedia - Coordinate response via Telegram
  • Poppins - bots for handling citizen inquiries
  • RFCx - Crowdsource emergency updates
  • AccuWeather - Weather alerts to Telegram channels

Telegram powers timely emergency notifications and centralized coordination during crises.

Open Data APIs for Telegram

Civic open data platforms with Telegram capabilities:

  • Socrata Open Data API - Data analysis bots
  • Data.gov API - Federal open data Telegram bots
  • Citygram API - Get civic alerts over Telegram
  • OpenDataSoft - Bots to request open data
  • CivicGraph API - Telegram bots to access knowledge graphs

Open data improves government transparency. Telegram lets agencies engage citizens around this data.

E-government APIs for Telegram

E-government platforms with Telegram messaging:

  • FixMyStreet - Report civic issues via Telegram
  • Open311 - Non-emergency issue reporting bots
  • DigicitBot - Assist users with digital services
  • mGovBot - Answers citizen queries
  • WhatBot - FAQs and form submissions

Telegram's chat and channels boost civic participation and streamline services like issue reporting, permits and payments.

Making Voice and Video Calls on Telegram

Key capabilities for making calls in Telegram:

  • One-on-one encrypted voice and video calls
  • HD quality with support for sharing screens
  • Sync call history across mobile and desktop apps
  • Options to record and save calls locally
  • Answer or decline incoming call requests

Telegram leverages its secure protocol and peer-to-peer architecture to enable robust calling functionality.

Group Voice and Video Calls

In addition to one-on-one calls, Telegram offers:

  • Secure end-to-end encrypted group calls
  • Support for up to 30 participants in video calls
  • Mute/unmute controls during group calls
  • Raise hand option to signal intent to speak
  • Share screens with entire groups

Group calls are perfect for teams to communicate visually with screen sharing and video enabled.

Call Encryption and Security

For call privacy, Telegram provides:

  • Client-to-client encryption for calls
  • Open source encryption protocol (MTProto)
  • Self-destructing messages in Secret Chats
  • Two-factor authentication for user accounts
  • Block unwanted contacts and channels

Telegram's security architecture extends to safeguarding call data and conversations.

Call Quality and Reliability

For reliable call performance, Telegram offers:

  • HD quality video up to 1080p resolution
  • Consistent call connectivity and audio
  • Echo cancellation for minimizing background noise
  • Seamless screen sharing at up to 720p
  • Network change resilience to maintain call integrity

Telegram leverages streaming, buffers and QoS optimizations tailored for high quality calls.<

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