What Are Bitly Links - A Comprehensive Guide to Shortened URLs and Their Benefits

Published on August 17, 2023

Bitly links are a form of shortened URLs that have become increasingly popular in the digital age. They provide a way to condense long and complicated web addresses into a simple and concise format that can easily be shared and accessed by others. But what exactly are Bitly links and how do they work?

In essence, Bitly links are generated by the Bit.ly service, which is a URL shortening service that takes a long URL as input and outputs a shorter, customized link. These links are typically composed of a domain name (bit.ly) followed by a series of alphanumeric characters. This condensed link is then used to redirect users to the original, longer URL when clicked.

One key feature of Bitly links is their ability to track and analyze click data. This means that when someone clicks on a Bitly link, data such as the number of clicks, the location of the clicks, and the platforms used can be collected and analyzed. This information can be valuable for businesses and marketers who want to gain insights into the effectiveness of their campaigns and better understand their audience.

Overall, Bitly links serve as a convenient and efficient solution for sharing long URLs in a concise and easily accessible format. They not only save space and reduce clutter, but also provide valuable analytics that can help improve marketing strategies. So next time you come across a Bitly link, remember that there is more to it than meets the eye!

Understanding Bitly Links

When it comes to shortening URLs, one of the most popular tools available is Bitly. But what exactly are Bitly links and how do they work?

Bitly is a URL shortening service that allows users to convert long, unwieldy URLs into shorter, more manageable links. These shortened links are not only easier to share, but they also provide added functionality and analytics.

So, what are Bitly links and how do they work? When a user shortens a URL using Bitly, the service generates a unique, shortened link that redirects to the original long URL. This process involves compressing the original URL into a smaller format, typically using a combination of letters, numbers, and symbols.

Bitly links are often used in marketing campaigns and social media posts to make URLs more visually appealing and easier to remember. They can also be customized to include specific keywords or branding elements.

Benefits of Using Bitly Links

There are several benefits to using Bitly links:

  1. Improved aesthetics: Bitly links are shorter and more visually appealing than long, complex URLs.
  2. Better analytics: Bitly provides valuable analytics data, such as the number of clicks, the geographic location of the clicks, and the devices used.
  3. Tracking and monitoring: Bitly links allow users to track the performance of their links in real-time.
  4. Customization: Bitly links can be customized with specific keywords or branding elements to make them more personal and memorable.

In conclusion, understanding Bitly links is essential for anyone looking to shorten and optimize their URLs. Bitly provides a simple and effective solution for creating shorter, more visually appealing links that offer added functionality and analytics.

The Basics of Bitly Links

Bitly links are shortened URLs that can be used to track engagement and measure the success of online campaigns. These links are created using the Bitly platform, which takes a long URL and transforms it into a shortened version.

One of the primary benefits of using Bitly links is that they are easier to share and remember than long URLs. They can be used in social media posts, email campaigns, or any other digital content where space is limited.

When a Bitly link is clicked on, it redirects the user to the original, long URL. However, behind the scenes, Bitly collects valuable data about the click, such as the location of the user, the device they are using, and the time of the click. This information can be used to analyze engagement and make data-driven decisions.

In addition to tracking clicks, Bitly links can also be customized to create branded short links. This adds a level of professionalism and brand recognition to any online campaign. Customizing a Bitly link is as simple as choosing a keyword or phrase and entering it into the Bitly platform.

Bitly links are not only useful for businesses and marketers but also for individuals who want to track the performance of their online content. Whether you're promoting a blog post, sharing a video, or sending a link to a friend, Bitly links provide valuable insights into how your content is being received.

Overall, Bitly links are an essential tool for anyone looking to measure and optimize their online efforts. With their ability to track engagement, customize branding, and enhance the user experience, Bitly links are a must-have in the digital marketing toolbox.

How Bitly Links Work

Bitly is a popular URL shortening service that allows users to create abbreviated versions of long URLs. These shortened URLs, also known as bitly links, are easier to share and can be used in various online platforms such as social media posts, emails, and text messages.

When a user creates a bitly link, the original long URL is replaced with a unique bitly link. This link contains a combination of letters and numbers that direct users to the desired web page when clicked on. For example, a long URL like "https://www.examplewebsite.com/products/category/product-name" can be transformed into a bitly link like "bit.ly/abc123".

Bitly links work by utilizing a redirection process. When a user clicks on a bitly link, their web browser communicates with the bitly servers. The server receives the request and looks up the original long URL associated with the bitly link. Once the original long URL is identified, the server redirects the user's browser to the desired web page.

Bitly links also offer additional features such as link tracking and analytics. These features allow users to track the number of clicks their bitly links receive and gather valuable data about their audience's engagement. Users can monitor the performance of their bitly links and use this information to optimize their content or marketing strategies.

Overall, bitly links provide a convenient and efficient way to share long URLs in a shorter and more manageable format. Whether you're sharing a link on social media or including it in an email, bitly links offer a simpler and visually cleaner alternative to lengthy URLs, making it easier for your audience to engage with your content.

The Role of Bitly in Link Shortening

Bitly is a popular URL shortening service that plays a significant role in simplifying and condensing long, complex web addresses. With the vast amount of information available online, it has become crucial to create shorter, more manageable links that are easier to share and remember. This is where bitly comes in.

What exactly is bitly? It is a platform that takes long URLs and converts them into shorter, more concise links that are easier to share via social media, email, or other forms of communication. Bitly's service is especially valuable on platforms that have character limits, such as Twitter, where every character counts.

By using bitly, users can create custom short links that redirect to the original long URL. These links are typically composed of a short domain (e.g., bit.ly) followed by a unique combination of characters. The shortened links are not only more visually appealing, but they also function as a way to track and analyze link clicks. This feature is particularly useful for marketers and businesses who want to measure the success and engagement of their online content.

One of the primary advantages of bitly is its ability to track link clicks and collect useful data. By using bitly, users can gain insights into the number of clicks, the geographic location of the clickers, and even the platform or device used to access the link. This data can help businesses and individuals determine the effectiveness of their marketing campaigns, measure audience engagement, and make informed decisions about their online strategies.

Additionally, bitly provides a link management dashboard that allows users to view and analyze their shortened links' performance. This dashboard includes metrics such as click-through rates, top referrers, and peak click times. Armed with this data, users can optimize their links, identify trends, and increase their overall visibility and reach.

In summary, bitly plays a crucial role in link shortening by simplifying long web addresses and providing valuable data insights. It offers a practical solution for condensing complex URLs while gathering essential metrics for analyzing link performance. Whether you're an individual looking to share a link or a business aiming to track the success of your marketing efforts, bitly is an invaluable tool that makes managing and measuring links a breeze.

The Benefits of Using Bitly Links

Bitly links offer several advantages that can greatly benefit users in various ways. Here are some key benefits of using Bitly links:

1. Track Clicks and Measure Engagement

One of the main advantages of Bitly links is the ability to track clicks and measure engagement. By using Bitly links, you can get detailed insights into the number of clicks your links receive, which can help you gauge the effectiveness of your marketing campaigns or content. This data can also provide valuable information about your target audience and their interests.

2. Shorten and Customize URLs

Bitly links allow you to shorten long and complex URLs into shorter and more manageable links. This makes them more visually appealing and easier to share across different platforms, such as social media or email. Furthermore, Bitly also offers the option to customize your links with your own domain, adding a professional touch and promoting brand recognition.

3. Increase Click-through Rates

Using Bitly links can also help increase click-through rates. Short, sleek, and customized links are more likely to attract users' attention and encourage them to click. This can be especially beneficial for businesses or individuals looking to drive traffic to their websites, landing pages, or online content.

4. Enhance User Experience

Bitly links can greatly enhance user experience by providing a seamless and efficient way to access links. Long and convoluted URLs can be difficult to remember or type correctly, particularly on mobile devices. Bitly links eliminate this issue by offering concise, easy-to-remember links that redirect users to the desired content without any hassle.

In conclusion, Bitly links offer numerous benefits that range from tracking engagement to improving user experience. Whether you are a marketer, business owner, or regular user, using Bitly links can help optimize your online presence and enhance your overall internet experience.

Common Use Cases for Bitly Links

Bitly links are extremely versatile and can be used in a variety of contexts depending on the user's needs. Here are some common use cases for Bitly links:

Sharing shortened URLs on social media platforms: Bitly links are commonly used on platforms like Twitter, where character limits often require users to condense long URLs. By shortening URLs with Bitly, users can share links while still adhering to the character limits.

Tracking click-through rates: Bitly provides analytics that allow users to view data on how often their links are being clicked. This can be especially useful for marketers and businesses looking to measure the success of their campaigns or track user engagement.

Customizing links for branding purposes: Bitly offers users the option to customize links to reflect their brand or campaign. Customized URLs are more memorable and can help boost brand recognition.

Saving space in printed materials: When sharing links in printed materials such as brochures or business cards, long URLs can take up valuable space. By using Bitly to shorten URLs, businesses can make their printed materials more visually appealing and leave more room for other important information.

Enhancing email marketing campaigns: Bitly links can be used in email marketing campaigns to track click-through rates and measure the success of specific calls-to-action. They can also help optimize email content by allowing marketers to test different links and see which ones generate the most engagement.

Overall, Bitly links are a convenient and efficient way to manage and share URLs across various platforms and use cases. Their versatility and analytics make them a valuable tool for individuals and businesses alike.

Tracking and Analytics with Bitly

One of the key features of Bitly links is their ability to provide tracking and analytics. When you create a Bitly link, you have access to valuable data about how your links are performing. This data can help you better understand your audience and make informed decisions about your marketing strategy.

One of the main things you can track with Bitly is the number of clicks your links receive. This allows you to see how many people are engaging with your content and gives you an idea of the overall success of your marketing efforts. Additionally, Bitly provides information about where these clicks are coming from, whether it's from social media platforms, websites, or other sources.

Bitly also offers link analytics that provide insights into the demographics and behavior of the people clicking on your links. You can see information such as their location, language, and the devices they are using. This can be valuable when tailoring your content to specific audiences or optimizing your website for different devices.

Furthermore, Bitly allows you to track the performance of different campaigns by creating custom tags for your links. This way, you can compare the success of different marketing campaigns and determine which strategies are most effective.

In summary, Bitly links offer a range of tracking and analytics features that allow you to gain valuable insights into the performance of your links. By understanding how your links are performing and who is engaging with them, you can optimize your marketing efforts and drive better results.

Bitly Links and Social Media

Social media plays a crucial role in our lives today, and bitly links have become an integral part of sharing content on these platforms. Bitly links are shortened URLs that are commonly used on social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.

When you share a long URL on social media, it can look messy and take up valuable character space. Bitly links solve this problem by shortening the URL to a compact and easy-to-read format. Instead of sharing a long and complicated URL, you can share a bitly link that is concise and visually appealing.

Why Use Bitly Links on Social Media?

One of the main advantages of using bitly links on social media is the ability to track and analyze link clicks. When you create a bitly link, you can access detailed analytics that provide valuable insights into the performance of your shared content. You can see how many people clicked on the link, where they clicked from, and even the time of day when the clicks occurred.

By understanding how your bitly links are performing on social media, you can optimize your content strategy and make data-driven decisions. This information can help you gauge the effectiveness of your marketing campaigns, understand your audience better, and tailor your content to maximize engagement.

What Makes Bitly Links Ideal for Social Media Sharing?

Bitly links also offer additional features that make them ideal for social media sharing. You can customize the link to create a branded URL that aligns with your brand identity. This not only enhances brand recognition but also builds trust among your audience.

Moreover, bitly links are compatible with all major social media platforms. Whether you're sharing a link on Twitter, Instagram, or LinkedIn, bitly links are universally recognized and work seamlessly across different devices and operating systems.

  • Compact and visually appealing format
  • Ability to track and analyze link clicks
  • Customizable and branded URLs
  • Compatibility with all major social media platforms

In conclusion, bitly links have become an indispensable tool for social media sharing. They offer numerous advantages such as concise formatting, detailed analytics, customizability, and compatibility. By utilizing bitly links on social media, you can enhance the visibility, engagement, and success of your shared content.

Effective Marketing Strategies with Bitly

Bitly links play a crucial role in modern marketing strategies. With the rise of social media and online advertising, businesses need a way to track the effectiveness of their marketing efforts. Bitly offers a solution by allowing users to shorten their URLs and track click-through rates. These shortened links, known as Bitly links, are not only more visually appealing but also provide valuable data that can be used to optimize marketing campaigns.

Benefits of Using Bitly Links in Marketing

There are several benefits to using Bitly links in marketing. First and foremost, shortened links are more visually appealing and easier to remember than long, complex URLs. This makes them ideal for sharing on social media platforms, where character limits can be restrictive. Additionally, Bitly offers a range of analytics tools that provide insights into link performance. Users can track the number of clicks, geographic location of users, and even the devices they are using. This data allows marketers to better understand their target audience and tailor their campaigns accordingly.

Key Strategies for Effective Bitly Link Marketing

When utilizing Bitly links in marketing, there are several key strategies to consider. Firstly, it is important to create descriptive and compelling anchor text that encourages users to click on the link. This can significantly improve click-through rates and engagement. Secondly, businesses should track and analyze the performance of their Bitly links regularly. By doing so, they can identify the most successful campaigns and adjust their strategies accordingly. Finally, integrating Bitly links with other marketing tools, such as email marketing or social media schedulers, can help streamline the process and maximize efficiency.

  • Create visually appealing and memorable links.
  • Track and analyze the performance of Bitly links regularly.
  • Optimize anchor text for higher click-through rates.
  • Integrate Bitly links with other marketing tools for efficiency.

By implementing these strategies, businesses can leverage the power of Bitly links to enhance their marketing efforts. From increasing engagement on social media platforms to gaining valuable insights into audience behavior, Bitly offers a comprehensive solution for effective marketing campaigns.

Bitly and Branding

One of the key aspects of using Bitly links for businesses is the opportunity to maintain branding while shortening URLs. When you use Bitly, you can customize the domain of your shortened link to match your brand. This means that instead of using a generic bit.ly domain, you can create a custom domain that represents your business or website.

Not only does this help to establish brand recognition, but it also adds a level of professionalism to your links. Instead of using a long and complicated URL that may be difficult to remember or share, you can create a short branded link that is concise and memorable.

By incorporating your brand into your Bitly links, you create a cohesive and consistent image for your business. Whether you are sharing links on social media, in emails, or on your website, having branded shortened URLs helps to reinforce your brand identity and build trust with your audience.

Additionally, using a custom domain for your Bitly links can help with link tracking and analytics. Bitly provides detailed statistics and insights into the performance of your links, including click-through rates, location data, and more. By using your own branded domain, you can easily differentiate your links from other sources and track their effectiveness.

Overall, incorporating branding into your Bitly links is a valuable tool for businesses and individuals looking to maintain a consistent brand image and improve link visibility. By creating custom shortened URLs, you can enhance your brand recognition, professionalism, and tracking capabilities, ultimately leading to better engagement and results.

Bitly Enterprise Solutions for Business

Bitly offers a range of enterprise solutions tailored to meet the needs of businesses. These solutions allow businesses to effectively manage their links and track their performance.

One of the key features of Bitly's enterprise solutions is the ability to customize shortened links with a branded domain. This gives businesses the ability to create links that are consistent with their branding and easily recognizable by their audience.

In addition to branding, Bitly's enterprise solutions provide businesses with comprehensive link analytics. With these analytics, businesses can gain insights into how their links are performing, including click-through rates, engagement, and geographic distribution of their audience.

Another important feature of Bitly's enterprise solutions is the ability to collaborate and share links across teams. This allows businesses to streamline their workflows and ensure that everyone is using the same links, reducing the risk of errors or inconsistencies.

Finally, Bitly's enterprise solutions offer advanced security features to protect businesses' links and data. These features include link-level access controls, user roles and permissions, and the ability to set expiration dates for links.

Overall, Bitly's enterprise solutions provide businesses with the tools they need to effectively manage their links, track their performance, and protect their brand. Whether it's customizing links, analyzing data, or collaborating with teams, Bitly offers a comprehensive suite of solutions to help businesses achieve their goals.

Bitly API Integration and Customization Options

When it comes to using Bitly, it's not just about shortening links. The Bitly API offers a wide range of integration and customization options that allow you to make the most out of your shortened links.

What is the Bitly API?

The Bitly API is a powerful tool that allows developers to interact with the Bitly platform programmatically. It provides access to various features and allows you to automate tasks, gather analytics, and integrate Bitly functionality into your own applications or services.

What can you do with the Bitly API?

The Bitly API offers a wide range of options to customize and enhance your shortened links. Here are some of the key features:

  • Link Customization: With the Bitly API, you can customize the domain, slug, and other parameters of your links to align them with your brand or naming conventions.
  • Link Metrics: Get access to detailed analytics and metrics about your links, including click counts, geographic information, and referral sources.
  • Link Groups: Organize your links into groups for better management and categorization.
  • Link Preview: Fetch rich media previews for your links, including images, titles, and descriptions for better engagement on social media platforms.
  • Link Shortening: Automate the process of shortening links, whether for a large volume of URLs or for integration with other tools.

The Bitly API also provides authentication mechanisms and robust documentation to help you implement and leverage its capabilities effectively.

Whether you're an individual looking to customize your links or a developer seeking to integrate Bitly functionality into your application, the Bitly API offers a flexible and scalable solution to meet your needs.

Bitly Links and SEO

When it comes to SEO (Search Engine Optimization), every detail matters. From the content on your website to the inbound links that point to it, everything plays a role in determining your search engine rankings. That's where Bitly links come into play.

Bitly links are short, customized URLs that are perfect for sharing on social media platforms and other online channels. But how do they impact your SEO?

Firstly, Bitly links are trackable, which means you can monitor their performance and see how many clicks they receive. This data can provide invaluable insights into your audience's preferences and which channels are driving the most traffic to your site.

Secondly, Bitly links can help with link building. When you share a Bitly link and others click on it, they are taken to your website. This generates inbound traffic and, if the content is valuable, may encourage others to link to it. These backlinks are an essential factor in SEO, as they signal to search engines that your website is authoritative and relevant.

Lastly, Bitly links are great for enhancing the user experience. Long and complex URLs can be intimidating to users, but a simple and concise Bitly link is more user-friendly. This ease of use can lead to higher click-through rates and more engagement with your content.

In conclusion, Bitly links are a valuable tool for SEO. They provide trackable data, assist with link building, and improve the user experience. By incorporating Bitly links into your digital marketing strategy, you can optimize your website's visibility and attract more organic traffic.

How to Create and Customize Bitly Links

Bitly is a popular URL shortening service that allows you to shorten long, unwieldy URLs into shorter, more concise links. In addition to providing easy-to-remember links, Bitly also offers several customization options to make your links more personalized and branded.

To create a Bitly link, you first need to sign up for an account on their website. Once you have an account, you can simply paste the long URL you want to shorten into the provided field and click the "Shorten" button. Bitly will then generate a unique shortened link for you.

After creating a Bitly link, you can customize it to make it more descriptive and memorable. Bitly allows you to edit the link's domain, which is the first part of the shortened URL. You can choose from a variety of domain options provided by Bitly, or you can even use your own custom domain if you have one.

In addition to customizing the domain, you can also modify the last part of the Bitly link, known as the slug. The slug is the part of the URL that comes after the domain. By default, Bitly generates a random combination of letters and numbers as the slug, but you can easily change it to something more meaningful.

To customize the slug, you can simply enter your desired text or keyword into the provided field and save your changes. This is useful if you want to include relevant keywords or branding in your shortened link.

Bitly also offers a few other customization options, such as adding a title or notes to your link. These options can help you keep track of your shortened links and provide additional information to your audience.

Overall, Bitly provides a simple and user-friendly interface for creating and customizing links. Whether you need shorter URLs for social media posts, email campaigns, or any other online content, Bitly offers a convenient and customizable solution.

Best Practices for Using Bitly Links

When it comes to using Bitly links, there are several best practices that you should keep in mind to maximize their effectiveness:

  • Be clear: Clearly communicate what the link is about or where it will lead. This will help users feel confident clicking on your link.
  • Shorten your links: One of the main benefits of using Bitly is the ability to shorten long URLs. Take advantage of this feature to create concise and clean links.
  • Customize your links: Bitly allows you to customize your links with unique, branded domains. This can help build trust with your audience and make your links more memorable.
  • Track your links: Bitly provides robust analytics and tracking tools that allow you to see how your links are performing. Use these insights to optimize your strategies and improve your click-through rates.
  • Consider link placement: Think strategically about where you place your Bitly links. Use them in a context that makes sense and provides value to your audience.
  • Test and iterate: Don't be afraid to experiment with different link strategies. Test different approaches, analyze the results, and iterate based on what works best for your goals.
  • Stay consistent: When using Bitly links across different platforms or campaigns, maintain a consistent style and approach. This will help create a cohesive brand presence and avoid confusion.

By following these best practices, you can harness the power of Bitly links to drive more clicks, improve engagement, and ultimately achieve your marketing objectives.

Bitly vs Other Link Shortening Services

When it comes to link shortening services, there are many options available. However, Bitly stands out among the rest for several reasons. Firstly, Bitly links are incredibly easy to create and share. With just a few clicks, you can generate a unique Bitly link that is shorter and more manageable than the original URL.

Another advantage of Bitly is its robust analytics and tracking capabilities. With Bitly, you can monitor the performance of your links in real-time, allowing you to understand who is clicking on your links and where they are coming from. This data is invaluable for businesses and marketers looking to optimize their online campaigns.

Furthermore, Bitly links are highly customizable. You can choose to customize the link with a unique keyword or phrase, making it more memorable and on-brand. This is especially beneficial for businesses who want to maintain a consistent and professional appearance across their online platforms.

In comparison to other link shortening services, Bitly offers an unparalleled level of reliability and security. Bitly links are known for their stability, meaning that they won't break or become outdated over time. Additionally, Bitly employs advanced security measures to protect your links from spam and malicious activity.

Overall, while there are many link shortening services available, Bitly stands out as a top choice due to its simplicity, analytics, customization options, reliability, and security. Whether you are a business looking to track your online campaigns or an individual wanting to share links more efficiently, Bitly is the go-to platform for creating and managing shortened links.

Common Misconceptions About Bitly Links

Bitly links can sometimes be misunderstood or misrepresented. Here are a few common misconceptions surrounding Bitly links:

1. Bitly links are spam or malicious

One common misconception about Bitly links is that they are often associated with spam or malicious content. However, Bitly is a legitimate URL shortening service that is widely used by individuals, businesses, and organizations to share shortened links. It is crucial to note that Bitly does not create or promote spam or malicious content. The content behind a Bitly link is determined by the person who generated it, not the service itself.

2. Bitly links are not secure

Another misconception about Bitly links is that they are not secure. While it is true that Bitly links can hide the original URL, they use HTTPS encryption to ensure the security and privacy of the link. The shortened link may not display the full URL, but it still operates under HTTPS, which provides encryption for secure data transfer.

It is essential to understand that the security of a Bitly link depends on the original destination URL. If the destination website uses HTTPS, the data transferred through the Bitly link will be encrypted and secure.

3. Bitly links always lead to unreliable sources

Some people mistakenly believe that Bitly links always lead to unreliable or untrustworthy sources. This is not accurate. Bitly links can lead to a wide range of sources, including reputable websites, news articles, blog posts, social media profiles, and more. The credibility and reliability of the source behind a Bitly link depend on the specific link shared by the creator.

It is always crucial to exercise caution when clicking on any link, regardless of whether it is a Bitly link or not. Pay attention to the context and the person or organization sharing the link to assess its reliability.

Conclusion

Understanding the truth about Bitly links can help dispel common misconceptions and enable users to make informed decisions when encountering them. Bitly links are legitimate, secure, and can lead to a variety of sources, both reliable and questionable. It is essential to exercise caution and discretion when engaging with any link shared online.

Links What they are How they work
Bitly links URL shortening service used to create compact and trackable links Convert long URLs into shorter and more manageable links that redirect to the original destination when clicked on

Question-Answer:

What is a Bitly link?

A Bitly link is a shortened URL created using Bitly, a popular link management platform. It takes a long URL and converts it into a shorter, manageable link.

How does a Bitly link work?

When a user clicks on a Bitly link, they are redirected to the original long URL. Bitly tracks each click and provides analytics to the link creator, including information about the location and source of the click.

Why would someone use a Bitly link?

A Bitly link is commonly used for various reasons. It can make a URL more visually appealing, easier to share on social media platforms with character limitations, and provide link tracking and analytics for marketing purposes.

Can I customize a Bitly link?

Yes, Bitly allows users to customize the ending of their shortened links to make them more memorable or relevant to the content they are sharing. However, customization is only available for registered users.

Are Bitly links safe to click on?

Yes, Bitly links are generally safe to click on. Bitly has implemented security measures to prevent the distribution of malicious links, such as spam and phishing. However, it is always advisable to exercise caution when clicking on any link, especially from unfamiliar sources.

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